Consciousness

Consciousness merupakan salah satu persoalan paling mendasar sekaligus paling kompleks dalam sejarah pemikiran manusia. Sejak masa filsafat kuno hingga perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan modern, manusia terus berusaha memahami pengalaman subjektif yang menyertai keberadaannya: bagaimana seseorang menyadari dirinya sendiri, mengalami dunia di sekitarnya, merasakan sesuatu, mengingat masa lalu, membayangkan masa depan, serta membentuk pengalaman batin yang tidak dapat diamati secara langsung oleh orang lain. Persoalan ini tidak hanya menyangkut kemampuan manusia untuk berpikir, tetapi juga berkaitan dengan pengalaman menjadi subjek yang mengalami kehidupan dari sudut pandang orang pertama.

Pengertian Consciousness

Consciousness atau kesadaran merupakan fenomena yang berkaitan dengan keberadaan pengalaman subjektif dalam kehidupan mental suatu individu. Kesadaran memungkinkan seseorang mengalami berbagai keadaan mental, seperti merasakan sakit, melihat warna, mendengar suara, merasakan emosi, mengingat peristiwa, membayangkan sesuatu, serta menyadari keberadaan dirinya sendiri. Pengalaman tersebut memiliki karakteristik subjektif karena selalu dialami dari sudut pandang tertentu, yakni sudut pandang individu yang mengalaminya. Ketika seseorang melihat warna merah, misalnya, terdapat pengalaman visual yang menyertai proses penglihatan tersebut. Pengalaman inilah yang menjadi salah satu aspek utama dalam pembahasan kesadaran.

Dalam filsafat pikiran (philosophy of mind), kesadaran sering dikaitkan dengan fenomenalitas, yaitu karakter pengalaman sebagaimana dirasakan oleh subjek yang mengalaminya. Thomas Nagel melalui esainya What Is It Like to Be a Bat? (1974) mengemukakan bahwa suatu makhluk memiliki kesadaran apabila terdapat sesuatu yang dirasakan ketika menjadi makhluk tersebut. Gagasan ini menyoroti bahwa pengalaman sadar tidak cukup dijelaskan hanya melalui deskripsi perilaku atau proses biologis dari sudut pandang pengamat eksternal. Ada dimensi pengalaman orang pertama (first-person experience) yang perlu diperhitungkan ketika membicarakan kesadaran.

Kesadaran juga memiliki sejumlah dimensi yang saling berkaitan. Salah satunya adalah kesadaran fenomenal (phenomenal consciousness), yang merujuk pada kualitas subjektif suatu pengalaman, seperti rasa sakit, kenikmatan, warna, dan suara. Dimensi lainnya adalah kesadaran akses (access consciousness), yaitu keadaan ketika informasi mental tersedia untuk digunakan dalam penalaran, pengambilan keputusan, pengendalian tindakan, dan pelaporan verbal. Selain itu, terdapat kesadaran diri (self-consciousness), yakni kemampuan subjek untuk mengenali dirinya sebagai individu yang memiliki pengalaman, pikiran, dan keadaan mental tertentu. Ketiga dimensi tersebut tidak selalu muncul dalam bentuk atau tingkat yang sama, sehingga para peneliti membedakannya untuk memahami berbagai aspek kehidupan sadar.

Dalam neurosains dan ilmu kognitif, kesadaran diteliti melalui hubungan antara aktivitas otak dan pengalaman subjektif. Penelitian berusaha mengidentifikasi mekanisme saraf yang memungkinkan informasi menjadi tersedia bagi pengalaman sadar, termasuk peran perhatian, memori kerja, integrasi informasi, dan komunikasi antarkawasan otak. Berbagai teori seperti Global Neuronal Workspace Theory dan Integrated Information Theory menawarkan penjelasan berbeda mengenai proses yang mendasari kesadaran. Meskipun demikian, menemukan korelasi antara aktivitas saraf dan pengalaman sadar belum sepenuhnya menjawab bagaimana proses fisik tersebut menghasilkan pengalaman subjektif.

Dalam perkembangannya, istilah consciousness tidak hanya digunakan untuk membahas manusia, tetapi juga menjadi bagian dari penelitian mengenai kesadaran hewan, kemungkinan kesadaran pada sistem kecerdasan buatan, serta berbagai keadaan kesadaran yang berubah akibat tidur, mimpi, meditasi, anestesi, atau penggunaan zat psikoaktif. Perluasan objek kajian ini memperlihatkan bahwa kesadaran memiliki persoalan yang jauh lebih luas daripada sekadar kemampuan berpikir atau mengenali diri. Pembahasannya mencakup hubungan antara pengalaman, proses mental, aktivitas biologis, dan realitas yang memungkinkan suatu subjek mengalami sesuatu.

Teori dan Konsep Consciousness

Berikut ensiklopedia teori dan konsep consciousness :

A

• Activation-Information-Mode Synthesis Hypothesis (AIM)
• Active Inference Theory
• Adaptive Resonance Theory (ART)
• Advaita Vedanta
• Agüera y Arcas’s Computational Functionalism
• Akselrud’s Explanatory Faculty
• Albahari’s Perennial Idealism
• Ambron’s Local Field Potentials Theory
• Analytic Idealism
• Andrews’s Consciousness Without Complex Brains
• Anomalous Monism
• Apical Dendrite Theory
• Aristotle’s Hylomorphism
• Armstrong’s Causal-Role Central-State Materialism
• Armstrong’s Higher-Order Perception Theory
• Atmanspacher’s Dual-Aspect Monism
• Attention Schema Theory
• Attention-Based Theory of Consciousness
• Avicenna’s Flying Man Argument
• Awareness-Based Theories
• Awret’s Holographic Correspondence Theory
• Azarian’s Self-Modeling Strange Loop Theory

B

• Baars’s Global Workspace Theory
• Bayesian Theories of Consciousness
• Bayne’s Unified Multidimensional Consciousness
• Beck-Eccles’s Quantum Theory
• Becker’s Analog Body Electric Theory
• Biological Naturalism
• Biological Computationalism
• Berkeley’s Immaterialist Idealism
• Bergson’s Theory of Duration
• Bhartṛhari’s Linguistic Idealism
• Bieberich’s Recurrent Integration Fractal Theory
• Bicameral Mind Hypothesis
• Birch’s Comparative Sentience Theory
• Bitar’s Architectural Theory of Consciousness
• Bitbol’s Radical Neurophenomenology
• Blums’ Conscious Turing Machine
• Block’s Biological Reductionism
• Bohm’s Implicate-Explicate Order
• Bostrom’s Computational Functionalism
• Boyd’s Emergent Information Theory
• Bradley’s Absolute Idealism
• Brain Circuits and Cycles Theory
• Brentano’s Theory of Intentionality
• Broad’s Emergent Mind Theory
• Buddhist Anātman Theory
• Buddhism’s Empty Consciousness Theory
• Budson’s Memory Theory of Consciousness
• Builes’s Modal Idealism
• Bunge’s Emergent Materialism
• Buzsáki’s Neural Syntax Theory

C

• Cabral-Calderin’s Neuroethological Approach
• Cai and Cai’s Canxian
• Calvin’s Darwinian Mechanism in Neocortex
• Campbell’s My Big TOE
• Carr’s Quantum Theory of Consciousness
• Carruthers’s First-Order Representationalism
• Cellular Basis of Consciousness
• Chalmers’s Double-Aspect Theory of Information
• Chalmers’s Naturalistic Dualism
• Chalmers’s Panpsychism
• Champagne’s Semiotic Account
• Churchland’s Eliminative Materialism
• Cleeremans’s Radical Plasticity Theory
• Coleman’s Panqualityism
• Collective Consciousness Theory
• Combs’s Chaotic Attractor Theory
• Complex Adaptive Systems Theory
• Composite Dualism
• Computational Theory of Consciousness
• Conscious Agent Networks
• Consciousness State Space Model
• Consciousness Electromagnetic Information Theory (CEMI)
• Consciousness Endomitosis Theory
• Consciousness-First Theory
• Conway Morris’s Convergent Sentience Theory
• Cooke’s Nondual Naturalism
• Cosmopsychism
• Crick and Koch’s Neural Correlates of Consciousness
• Critical Brain Hypothesis
• Cross-Order Integration Theory

D

• D. Freeman’s Primitive Felt Theory
• D.W. Smith’s Three-Facet Ontological Phenomenology
• Dalla Barba’s Temporal Consciousness
• Damasio’s Homeostatic Feelings Theory
• Daoist Theory of Consciousness
• Davidson’s Anomalous Monism
• Davies’s Consciousness in the Cosmos
• Davies’s Information Theory
• Deacon’s Self-Organized Constraint Theory
• Deacon’s Symbolic Communication Theory
• Delaflor’s Model-Dependent Ontology
• Dendritic Integration Theory
• Dennett’s Evolution of Minds
• Dennett’s Heterophenomenology
• Dennett’s Illusionism
• Dennett’s Multiple Drafts Model
• Derrida’s Deconstruction of Self-Presence
• Descartes’s Substance Dualism
• Dewart’s Assertive Speech Theory
• Direct Perception Theory
• Dynamic Core Theory
• Dynamic Organicity Theory
• DOPS Theoretical Framework
• Doyle’s Experience Recorder and Reproducer
• Dretske’s Representational Theory

E

• Eagleman’s Possibilianism
• Edelman’s Neural Darwinism
• Ellis’s Strong Emergence Theory
• Emergent Dualism
• Emergence Theory of Consciousness
• Enactivism
• Entropic Brain Hypothesis
• Entropic Theories of Consciousness
• Ephaptic Coupling Theory
• Epiphenomenalism
• Extended Mind Theory

F

• Faggin’s Quantum Information-Based Panpsychism
• Fedotov’s Communication Hypothesis
• Feigl’s Double Knowledge Theory
• Feinberg and Mallatt’s Ancient Origins Theory
• Ferrer’s Participatory Enactive Realism
• Feser’s Neo-Thomistic Dualism
• Feyerabend’s Revisable Mind Theory
• Fichte’s Self-Positing I
• Field Theories of Consciousness
• Fingelkurts’s Operational Architectonics
• Fish’s Naïve Realism
• Fisher’s Quantum Cognition
• Flanagan’s Constructive Naturalism
• Fodor’s Principled Abstention
• Forrest’s Intelligent Idealism
• Frank and Thompson’s Blind Spot Theory
• Frankish’s Illusionism
• Freud’s Theory of Consciousness
• Friston’s Free Energy Principle
• Froese’s Irruption Theory
• Functionalism

G

• Gabriel’s New Realism
• Gallagher’s Embodied Self Theory
• Gambini and Pullin’s Quantum Panprotopsychism
• Gebser’s Integral Theory of Consciousness
• Generative Entanglement Theory
• Giannakopoulos’s Entropy-Resisting Theory
• Gibson’s Ecological Psychology
• Global Neuronal Workspace Theory (GNWT)
• Global Workspace Theory (GWT)
• Godfrey-Smith’s Evolutionary Theory of Consciousness
• Goff’s Panpsychism
• Goldstein’s Mind-Body Theory
• Gomatam’s GV Vedanta Consciousness
• Goswami’s Self-Aware Universe
• Graboi’s Three-Aspect Model
• Gray’s Brain-Built World Model
• Grinberg’s Syntergic Theory
• Grossberg’s Adaptive Resonance Theory
• Gurwitsch’s Field of Consciousness Theory

H

• Hacker’s Skepticism
• Halligan and Oakley’s Species-Enhancing Epiphenomenalism
• Hameroff’s Consciousness-First Theory
• Hardcastle’s Argument Against Materialism
• Harman’s Object-Oriented Ontology
• Harp’s Universal Consciousness Theory
• Hartford’s Eternal Conjecture
• Hasker’s Emergent Dualism
• Hawkins’s Thousand-Brain Theory
• Higher-Order Perception Theory
• Higher-Order Thought Theory (HOT)
• Higher-Order Representation Theory
• Hickey’s Language and Consciousness Theory
• Hiller’s Discarnate Consciousness Theory
• Hirstein’s Mindmelding Theory
• Historical Dualism
• Hobbes’s Mechanical Theory of Mind
• Hobson’s Protoconsciousness Theory
• Hoel’s Causal Emergence Theory
• Hoffman’s Conscious Realism
• Hofstadter’s Strange Loop Theory
• Holmgren’s Atomic Feels Theory
• Hume’s Bundle Theory
• Humphrey’s User Illusion Theory
• Hunt and Schooler’s General Resonance Theory
• Hurley’s Sensorimotor Theory
• Husserl’s Transcendental Phenomenology
• Huxley’s Mind-at-Large Theory

I

• Idealism
• Indian Personal Consciousness Theory
• Information Integration Theory
• Integrated Information Theory (IIT)
• Integrated World Modeling Theory (IWMT)
• Integral Theory
• Interactive Dualism
• Irvine’s Scientific Eliminativism
• Islamic Soul Theory
• Ismael’s Reflexive Representation Theory

J

• J. Campbell’s Attention-Empowered Relationalism
• Jackendoff’s Intermediate-Level Representation Theory
• Jackson’s Knowledge Argument
• James’s Radical Empiricism
• James’s Stream of Consciousness Theory
• Jaynes’s Bicameral Mind Hypothesis
• Jones’s Electromagnetic Field Theory
• Josephson’s Psi-Informed Models
• Jung’s Collective Unconscious
• Jung’s Synchronicity Theory

K

• Kadić’s Monadic Panpsychism
• Kak’s Universal Consciousness
• Kammerer’s Introspective Illusionism
• Kant’s Transcendental Idealism
• Kashmir Shaivism’s Non-Dualism
• Kauffman’s Quantum Theory of Mind
• Keppler’s Zero-Point Field Theory
• Khasho’s NDE-Enabled Field-Substrate Translation Model
• Kim’s Supervenience Theory
• Kind’s Dualism 2.0
• King’s Symbiotic Existential Cosmology
• Koch’s Panpsychism Interpretation of IIT
• Koch’s Language Independence Theory
• Kojdić’s Interface Ontology
• Kriegel’s Cross-Order Self-Representation Theory
• Kripke’s Modal Argument
• Krishnamurti’s Consciousness-Is-Its-Content Theory

L

• Lahav’s Relativistic Theory
• Lakoff and Johnson’s Embodied Mind Theory
• Lamme’s Recurrent Processing Theory
• Lau’s Perceptual Reality Monitoring Theory
• LeDoux’s Deep Roots Theory
• LeDoux’s Higher-Order Theory of Emotional Consciousness
• Leibniz’s Monadology
• Leslie’s Infinite Mind Theory
• Levin’s Ingressing Minds Theory
• Levin’s Technological Approach to Mind Everywhere (TAME)
• Levine’s Explanatory Gap
• Lewis’s Analytic Functionalism
• Libet’s Conscious Mental Field Theory
• Libet’s Mind Time Theory
• Llinás’s Oscillation Theory
• Locke’s Reflexive Consciousness Theory
• Loorits’s Structural Realism
• Lycan’s Homuncular Functionalism

M

• Malebranche’s Occasionalism
• Malinkovic and Aru’s Biological Computationalism
• Mandik’s Qualia Quietism
• Mansell’s Perceptual Control Theory
• Manzotti’s Spread Mind Theory
• Marchetti’s Attention-Based Theory
• Markwell’s Process Identity Theory
• Mathematical Theories of Consciousness
• Maxwell’s Unique-Matching Theory
• McComas’s Hippocampal Memory-Stream Theory
• McFadden’s Conscious Electromagnetic Information Theory
• McGilchrist’s Relational Idealism
• McGinn’s Mysterianism
• McLaughlin’s Neurobiologicalism
• Memory Theory of Consciousness
• Meinong’s Self-Presenting Experience
• Melnyk’s Realization Physicalism
• Merker’s Midbrain-Centered Theory
• Merleau-Ponty’s Phenomenology of Embodiment
• Metzinger’s Self-Model Theory
• Micropsychism
• Mikkilineni and Michaels’s Emergent Optimization Theory
• Miller’s Brain-Wave Theory
• Minsky’s Society of Mind
• Mishlove’s Filter Theory
• Mitchell’s Free Agents Theory
• Mitchell’s 15 Questions
• Moll’s Multitrack Consciousness Conjecture
• Montero’s Incomplete Post-Physicalism
• Mørch’s Phenomenal-Causal Powers Panpsychism
• Moreland’s Christian Soul Theory
• Morrison’s Position-Selecting Interactionism
• Morsella’s Passive Frame Theory
• Mossbridge’s Informational Substrate Theory
• Murphy’s Non-Reductive Physicalism
• Musser’s Consciousness Problem

N

• Nader’s All There Is Theory
• Nāgārjuna’s Empty Consciousness
• Nagasawa’s Infinitely Decomposable Universe Theory
• Nagasawa’s Nontheoretical Physicalism
• Nagel’s Mind and Cosmos
• Near-Death Experience Theories
• Neven’s Quantum Superposition Theory
• Ney’s Physicalism
• Nichols’s Primal Eye Theory
• Nida-Rümelin’s Subject-Body Dualism
• No Hard Problem Theory
• Noël’s Nested Field Theory
• Non-Reductive Physicalism
• Nonphysical Component Theory
• Northoff’s Non-Reductive Neurophilosophy
• Northoff’s Temporo-Spatial Theory of Consciousness
• Nyāya Theory of Consciousness

O

• O’Reilly-Shah’s State Space Theory
• Ostendorf’s Predictive Interface Theory
• Owen’s Mind-Body Powers Theory

P

• Pacheco’s Science of Unity
• Panksepp’s Primal Affective Consciousness
• Panexperientialism
• Panpsikisme sebagai Medan Fundamental
• Panpsychism
• Panprotopsychism
• Papineau’s Mind-Brain Identity Theory
• Parrington’s Language and Tool-Driven Consciousness
• Pauli’s Psychophysical Complementarity
• Peirce’s Phaneroscopic Semiotics
• Orchestrated Objective Reduction (Orch-OR)
• Pepperell’s Organization of Energy
• Pereira’s Sentience Theory
• Pereira’s Triple-Aspect Monism
• Petitmengin’s Micro-Phenomenology
• Phenomenal Intentionality Theory
• Phenomenal Consciousness Theory
• Phenomenological Ontology
• Physicalism
• Pinker’s Naturalism
• Pitts’s Interactionist Dualism
• Place’s Mind-Brain Identity Theory
• Pockett’s Electromagnetic Pattern Theory
• Polkinghorne’s Dual-Aspect Monism
• Popper-Eccles Interactionist Dualism
• Poznanski’s Processual Relational Geometry
• Predictive Processing Theory
• Predictive Coding Theory
• Pretel-Wilson’s Human Systems Theory
• Pribram’s Holonomic Brain Theory
• Prinz’s Neurofunctionalism
• Projective Consciousness Model
• Property Dualism
• Psychedelic Theories of Consciousness
• Psychological Theory of Consciousness
• Pulido-Moyano’s Consciousness Endomitosis Theory
• Putnam’s Machine Functionalism
• Pylkkänen’s Quantum Potential Energy Theory

Q

• QBism
• QRI’s State-Space Qualia Formalism
• Qualia Force Theory
• Qualia Space Theory
• Quine’s Naturalized Mind Theory

R

• Radin’s Challenge to Materialism
• Ramachandran’s New Physics and Neuroscience
• Raman’s Cosmic Significance Theory
• Realisme Abstrak tentang Kesadaran
• Realms of the Soul Theory
• Recurrent Processing Theory
• Re-entry Theory
• Reason’s No-Go Theorem
• Representationalism
• Resch’s Platonic Functionalism
• Richheimer’s Ground Substance Theory
• Rosenthal’s Higher-Order Thought Theory
• Rourk’s Catecholaminergic Neuron Electron Transport Theory
• Rovelli’s Relational Physics
• Russellian Monism
• Ryle’s Category-Dissolution Theory

S

• Safron’s Integrated World Modeling Theory
• Samarawickrama’s Fundamental Field Theory
• Sāṃkhya’s Pure Witness Theory
• Śaṅkara’s Self-Luminous Non-Dualism
• Sapolsky’s Hard Incompatibilism
• Sarkar’s Infinite Supreme Consciousness
• Sartre’s Pre-Reflective Consciousness
• Schelling’s Identity Philosophy
• Schiff’s Anterior Forebrain Mesocircuit Theory
• Schlitz’s Theory of Mind
• Schneider and Bailey’s Entangled Superpsychism
• Schooler’s Resonance Theory
• Schopenhauer’s World-as-Will Theory
• Schwitzgebel’s Introspection Theory
• Searle’s Biological Naturalism
• Searle’s Language and Consciousness Theory
• Sebastian’s Predictive Machine Theory
• Sejnowski’s Computational Two-Tier Theory
• Sellars’s Sensa Theory
• Sensorimotor Theory of Consciousness
• Sergent’s Global Playground Theory
• Seth’s Beast Machine Theory
• Shanahan’s Embodied Consciousness Theory
• Shanon’s Cartography of Consciousness
• Sheldrake’s Morphic Field Theory
• Sheldrake’s Self-Organizing Systems Theory
• Shen’s Generative Principle of Physical Reality
• Shermer’s Consciousness Skepticism
• Shiah’s Contentless Consciousness Theory
• Shiah’s Cryptochrome Theory
• Siler’s Art of Consciousness
• Singer and Melloni’s Large-Scale Synchrony Theory
• Skopelitou’s Logos Theory
• Smart’s Topic-Neutral Identity Theory
• Smith’s Language as Classifier Theory
• Smolin’s Causal Theory of Views
• Solms’s Affect Theory of Consciousness
• Soul Theory in Indigenous Religions
• Sperry’s Mentalist Paradigm
• Spinoza’s One-Reality Theory
• Spira’s Non-Duality
• Sprigge’s Absolute Idealism
• Sreedharan’s Affective Survival Theory
• Sri Aurobindo’s Evolving Consciousness
• Sri Ramana’s Pure Consciousness Theory
• Stapp’s Quantum Collapse Theory
• Starrett’s Radical Panpsychism
• Steiner’s Esoteric Consciousness Theory
• Stoljar’s Epistemic View
• Strawson’s Panpsychism
• Strawson’s Realistic Monism
• Strømme’s Universal Consciousness Field Theory
• Stump’s Thomistic Dualism
• Swimme’s Cosmogenesis
• Swinburne’s Substance Dualism

T

• T. Clark’s Content Hypothesis
• Tallis’s Anti-Neuromania Skepticism
• Tart’s Emergent Interactionism
• Tegmark’s Perceptronium Theory
• Teilhard de Chardin’s Evolving Consciousness
• Thagard’s Neural Representation Theory
• Theise and Kafatos’s Fundamental Awareness Theory
• Theosophical Theory of Consciousness
• Thompson’s Mind-in-Life Theory
• Thompson’s Phenomenology of Consciousness
• Toomela’s Language-Mediated Theory
• Torday’s Cellular and Cosmic Consciousness
• Tozzi’s Multidimensional Brain Theory
• Transparency Theory
• Trialism
• Tsuchiya’s Relational Theory
• Turing’s Machine Consciousness
• Tye’s Contingentism
• Tye’s Irreducible Consciousness

U

• Unconscious Processing Theory
• Universal Consciousness Theory

V

• Van Dusen’s Hyperspatial Dimension Theory
• Van Inwagen’s Christian Materialism
• Varela’s Neurophenomenology
• Velmans’s Reflexive Monism
• Vișan’s Self-Reference Theory
• Vucolova’s Collapse into Translation

W

• W. Freeman’s Intentional Neurodynamics
• Wallace’s Panpsychism
• Wang’s Layered Architecture Theory
• Ward’s Personal Idealism
• Ward’s Thalamic Dynamic Core Theory
• Weisberg’s Automated Compression Theory
• Whitehead’s Process Philosophy
• Whitehead’s Panexperientialism
• Wigner–von Neumann Consciousness-Collapse Theory
• Winkelman’s Integrative Neurognostic Theory
• Wittgenstein’s Grammatical Fiction
• Wolfram’s Consciousness in the Ruliad

Y

• Yetter-Chappell’s Non-Theistic Idealism
• Yogācāra’s Mind-Only Theory

Z

• Zahavi’s Pre-Reflective For-Me-Ness
• Zhang’s Light-Speed Telecommunication Theory
• Zuboff’s Universalism

Referensi

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